“Ladies and gentleman, you have summoned me on behalf of millions of your fellow Americans to lead a great crusade for freedom in America and freedom in the world… I know something of the solemn responsibility of leading a crusade. I have led one.” – Dwight Eisenhower, 1952 Republican Convention in Chicago
In May 1860, the greatest man to ever occupy the White House was nominated by the Republican Party for President of the United States. Abraham Lincoln, the small town lawyer from Illinois, was the most unlikely of candidates chosen from a pool of political talent that outweighed him in experience, political connections, and wealth. The heavy favorite was Henry Seward, the former Governor of New York and frontrunner for the nomination from the outset. Seward’s position was flanked by party stalwarts such as Edward Bates and Salmon Chase, a Missouri judge and the governor of Ohio, respectively. These men were three pillars in the power structure of the Republican Party, yet the relative lightweight Lincoln emerged victorious in the end. How did this happen? And, more importantly for the sake of this space, how does it apply today?
To be fair, the nomination process was much different in 1860. The voters of the country did not have the chance to cast a vote for a specific candidate as we do today in the individual primaries. It was actual ‘delegates’ who were sent to the nomination site and at this location votes would be cast to select the nominee to represent the party in the election for President. Party bosses in states and local districts controlled these votes, and often these men from their respective states voted in blocks. There was no court of public opinion here, save for the citizens filling the seats of convention.
Seward, much like Romney, had the political machine already constructed to facilitate his ascent to the pinnacle of the party by the start of the process. He was a polished northeastern Republican who was a former governor of the largest state of the Union in terms of populace. He had a strong record in step with the rhythm of the party and had spent his life in politics, both local and national. His good friend and confidante Thurlow Weed was a party boss intent on not only shaping Seward for the nomination, but leading his delegation to a sweeping victory. But some Republicans had other plans.
Seward’s notoriety was as much a curse as it was a blessing in the end. The nature of his candidacy as the inevitable nominee plagued him at the convention. Delegates did not trust how his extreme rhetoric concerning slavery would play in the border states, and saw him as liability in the national campaign not only in the fight for the presidency, but in their own statewide elections. Like Romney today, Seward’s rivals’ chief strategy was to conjure up enough anti-Seward sentiment to force delegates to look elsewhere for a nominee.
Bates and Chase both had their skeletons to deal within the party when their names came up as the alternative to Seward. It was Lincoln who made it through unscathed; protected by his role as the relative newcomer that had nothing but a small record in Congress to criticize as a national politician. After two undecided ballots and intense political maneuvering, the third ballot and the nomination went to Lincoln. He and his staff in the end ultimately trumped Seward, Bates and Chase’s political cunning in the delegate scramble. Lincoln’s fortune was bolstered by the notoriety he gained in his Cooper Union Speech, along with his appeal in states whose main concern was the extension of slavery to the territories, and not the termination of the establishment itself. He was ultimately rewarded with the Presidency, and soon after the greatest undertaking any American has ever had to burden.
Save for the melancholy ending, this story of convention success should be an uplifting one for all those who seek a better candidate for the Republican Party today. Despite Governor Romney’s superior debate performance on Wednesday, his candidacy is still plagued by Romneycare and his inability to connect with voters. The latter is most seriously exemplified by his insistence on using hollow patriotic platitudes as evidence to the testament of his character and dedication to the country. Rick Santorum had a rough debate, backed into a corner a few times by Romney and Ron Paul on his extensive voting record in the Senate. He is still plagued most heavily by his sour disposition and extreme social conservatism; he often acts more like a disgruntled parent at a PTA meeting rather than a presidential nominee. Mr. Paul still serves his purpose as the Libertarian standard bearer, which I respect as there is a need in the party to rethink one of its biggest weaknesses: the Wilsonian styled military doctrine of democratizing the entire world. He seems to team up with Mr. Romney more than a serious candidate should, but the congressman is playing to ensure that the Libertarians will have a future in the party, rather than hoping to gain the actual nomination. Speaker Gingrich is always the wild card. He gives conservatives a fleeting sense of comfort in his role as the erudite professor in the debates, and then turns heel on the campaign trail as the vicious attack dog too many Americans perceive him to be.
The reality of a contested convention is what we saw Wednesday: four men, all with different strengths and weaknesses, so bunched together in the mind of the public that it is almost impossible to predict who will win. Again, the reality here is the nominee needs 1,144 delegates in the Republican Convention to take the nomination. Someone will have to get hot in the primaries and actually sustain that level of success to ride into the convention as the nominee. In the course of these primaries, no one has yet to maintain the status of frontrunner and it is very possible no one achieves that status before August. Romney is no longer the Seward of the four, but it is the actual volatility of the race that has become the most dominant feature of the primaries. This then serves as a serious benefactor to President Obama.
But is there a Lincoln? We may never see the likes of Abraham Lincoln again, nor would we ever want to considering his legend is built on his leadership through the nightmare of the Civil War. But the conditions that enabled him to win the nomination- a splintered party, a failing government, and a general moroseness amongst a public yearning for a leader they could connect with- are the same variables that exist today. The chances that this hero candidate is a politician plotting his strategy in the wilderness become weaker every day that passes. Right now we must hope that the true leader of the ideology of smaller government, responsible fiscal policy and family values was on the stage Wednesday. If he was, then this champion must find the message that will trump the volatility of this race to heal the party, and in turn the nation.
– John P. Burns